General Information: |
Title: | Stream water quality in relation to watershed-scale practical forest management in a cool-temperate natural forest in northern Japan |
Identifier: | datapaper 2020-04.1.5 |
Abstract: |
The water chemistry of a stream reflects the biogeochemical processes occurring in upstream forests. Anthropogenic disturbances in forests, such as cutting of trees, altering the nitrogen (N) cycle, and increase in N leaching from the soil to streams, potentially cause acidification or eutrophication downstream. In forests with dense understory vegetation, mechanical site preparation following tree cutting is commonly used to improve the early establishment of tree seedlings. In cool-temperate forests in northern Hokkaido, Japan, dense understory vegetation (mainly comprising Sasa dwarf bamboo) inhibits forest regeneration after tree cutting. Soil scarification is a common site preparation technique for eliminating Sasa bamboo and improving forest regeneration. Long-term data are useful for examining the temporal changes in stream water chemistry exposed to different specific forest management practices under changing environment (e.g., climate change and atmospheric N deposition). For 14 years (2003–2016), we observed the stream water chemistry in naturally forested watersheds and at one point after the confluence of all streams in Uryu Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University (North Hokkaido Experimental Forests Site of JaLTER) in northern Japan. We also monitored stream discharge, water level, and stream water temperature in each watershed. Water samples were collected from the outlets of ten watersheds. The forest management practice in each watershed includes clear-cutting, soil scarification in sparse forest with dense understory Sasa, and clear-cutting and soil scarification followed by soil replacement. Long-term data in the six unmanaged watersheds are also valuable as a background information to analyze the effect of long-term climate, environment, and vegetation changes on stream water chemistry. The measured water quality data of 1,873 water samples include the ion concentrations (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) in the stream water. The range of the concentrations of Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the stream water across all the watersheds throughout the observed periods (minimum to maximum) were 3.35 to 23.67, 0.01 to 8.68, 0.83 to 4.01, 0.45 to 2.55, and 0.72 to 6.16 mg L-1, respectively. Similarly, the stream pH and EC ranged from 6.04 to 7.53 and 3.14 to 9.47 mS m-1, respectively.
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Keywords: |
- stream water quality
- ion concentration
- pH
- electrical conductivity
- forested watershed
- forest management
- clear-cutting
- soil scarification
- understory vegetation
- Sasa dwarf bamboo
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Involved Parties
Data Set Owners: |
Individual: | Karibu Fukuzawa |
Organization: | Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 483 Otoineppu, |
Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2501 Japan |
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Phone:
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Phone:
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Email Address:
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Individual: | Fuyuki Satoh |
Organization: | Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, |
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809 Japan |
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Email Address:
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Data Set Contacts: |
Individual: | Karibu Fukuzawa |
Organization: | Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 483 Otoineppu, |
Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2501 Japan |
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Phone:
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Phone:
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Email Address:
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Associated Parties: |
Individual: | Karibu Fukuzawa |
Organization: | Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 483 Otoineppu, |
Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2501 Japan |
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Phone:
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Phone:
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Email Address:
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Individual: | Fuyuki Satoh |
Organization: | Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, |
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809 Japan |
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Email Address:
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Individual: | Hideaki Shibata |
Organization: | Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, |
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809 Japan |
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Individual: | Tatsuya Kamiura |
Organization: | Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, |
Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan |
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Individual: | Chikara Kozuka |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Toshikazu Takanishi |
Organization: | Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 483 Otoineppu, |
Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2501 Japan |
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Individual: | Shintaro Hayakashi |
Organization: | Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 131 Toikanbetsu, |
Horonobe, Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan |
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Individual: | Yuya Hirano |
Address: |
Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, |
Horonobe, Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan |
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Individual: | Wataru Mamiya |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Yuri Yabuhara |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Rei Sakai |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Hiroshi Sugiyama |
Organization: | Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, |
Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035 Japan |
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Individual: | Hiroshi Masumoto |
Organization: | Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, |
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809 Japan |
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Individual: | Naoko FUkuzawa |
Organization: | Nayoro Research Office, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nayoro Research Office, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 250 Tokuda, |
Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-0071 Japan |
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Individual: | Tetsuji Takeda |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Hideaki Morita |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Makoto Yamanouchi |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Junko Hasegawa |
Organization: | Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Moshiri, Horokanai, |
Uryu, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan |
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Individual: | Toshiya Yoshida |
Organization: | Nayoro Research Office, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University |
Address: |
Nayoro Research Office, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 250 Tokuda, |
Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-0071 Japan |
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Data Set Characteristics
Geographic Region: |
Geographic Description: | Sampling points |
Bounding Coordinates:
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West: | 142.035 degrees
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East: | 142.2078 degrees
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North: | 44.434 degrees
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South: | 44.418 degrees
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Sampling, Processing and Quality Control Methods
Step by Step Procedures
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Step 1: |
Description:
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Water sampling
We collected water at the outlet of each watershed by grab sampling using 250 ml plastic bottle. In watersheds with weirs, stream water was collected at stream channel above the weirs. We measured water temperature using thermometer (TT-508, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The sampling interval during the non-snow season was 1–2 weeks until 2010, and then 1 month. During the snow season, the sampling interval was 1 month.
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Step 2: |
Description:
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Filtering and chemical analysis
After transferring the samples to the laboratory, we measured the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) using a pH meter (HM-30V, DKK-TOA Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and EC meter (CM-30S, DKK-TOA Corp., Tokyo, Japan), respectively. We then passed the water through a glass fiber filter (GF/F: 0.7 μm, Whatman plc, Maidstone, UK) and stored below 4 °C until further processing and analysis. We analyzed the concentrations of anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) by ion chromatography (DX-500; Dionex Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA; Dionex ICS-1100; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) after additional filtering using a 0.2-μm membrane filter (DISMIC-25; Advantec Inc., Tokyo, Japan).
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Step 3: |
Description:
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Stream discharge
We established V-notch weirs at the outlet of the watersheds (DE1-DE9). We measured water level at the notch using scale and measured water volume at the weir by collecting water by plastic cup or plastic bag. We recorded the time for the sampling and calculated stream discharge as the volume divided by time (seconds). We conducted the measurement more than five times and averaged. In watershed DE0 and DEU, we measured the depth of the water using scale and velocity using current meter (VR-301, KENEK Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with certain distance interval on the channel cross section. Then we calculated the area of channel cross subsection between the measuring points. We calculated discharge of each subsection by multiplying area by mean velocity and summed for stream discharge as the value of whole channel cross section.
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Data Set Usage Rights
This dataset is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). |
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