The dataset was built by compiling articles, dissertations, theses, book chapters, and technical reports available in the main bibliographic databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Authors also have used their own unpublished databases when data referred to a piece of novel information regarding a species and its impacts. Scientific studies and grey literature were considered when they provided evidence of impacts (positive or negative) of any alien species within the Brazilian territory. Studies that only mentioned potential or unclear impacts or were carried out outside Brazil were not considered. Species were classified into the following major groups: arthropods, non-arthropod invertebrates, vertebrates (except fish), fish, and plants (terrestrial and aquatic, including algae). Microorganisms, fungi, and parasites were not targeted in this survey, but they were included whenever they appeared as the source of the host impact, usually as a disease vector. The retained studies were screened, and the impacts caused by the alien species were classified into three broad categories: a) the biotic component of nature - food web, feeding behavior, general behavior, growth of individuals, population demography, dispersal, species distribution, community structure, interference in reproduction, genetic introgression, pollination, primary productivity, species richness, population size, and individual health; b) the abiotic component of nature - light availability, habitat loss/gain, refuge loss/gain, nutrient pool or flow, water quality, soil properties, fire regime, and hydrological regime; and c) nature's contributions to people and their quality of life - agriculture, continental and marine aquaculture/fishing, trade in ornamental species, national trade, international trade, landscape modification, livestock, forest products, recreation/tourism, human health, energy security, and water availability and security. We further classified the routes of introduction according to Hulme et al. (2008): i) intentional release - hunting and fishing, construction of a reservoir and/or fish ladder, biological control, erosion control/dune stabilization, and landscape improvement; ii) escape - agriculture, live food and live bait, cultivation and production, aquarium/terrarium/pet species, ornamental purposes, research and ex-situ breeding, cultivated plants and forestry production; iii) unintentional transport of contaminants - in wood, nursery material, plants, seeds, food, parasite/pathogen in animals or plants and transport of natural material; and iv) unintentional transport - ballast water in ship/vessel, biofouling in ship/vessel and oil/gas platform, container/volume, machinery or equipment, people and baggage/equipment, clandestine presence in ship/vessel and vehicles. All of the impact records (i.e., a link between a given species and the type of impact it has caused) were assigned to a geopolitical region within the Brazilian territory (north, northeast, southeast, midwest, south, or combination) as well as to the type of environment and biome where the impact has been reported: i) terrestrial - forests, grasslands and other local vegetation of different typologies (cerrado, pantanal, caatinga, restinga), oceanic island, urban/periurban environment, and cultivated lands; ii) continental waters - lentic, lotic, wetlands, dam/reservoir and aquaculture; or iii) marine - neritic/pelagic coastal zone, neritic/ benthic coastal zone, pelagic oceanic zone, benthic oceanic zone, intensely transformed coastal area, and estuary. We also considered whether the impact occurred inside protected areas according to their respective categories (Environmental Protected Area, Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, Ecological Station, National Forest, National Park, State Park, Biological Reserve, and Private Reserve of Natural Patrimony).