Methods

We summarized the taxonomy, distribution, and ecological function data of 553 fungalfamilies from published books (Cannon and Kirk, 2007; Katsumoto, 2010) and reviewpapers (Osono, 2007; Aldossari and Ishii, 2021; Osono and Kado, 2021), which arecomprehensive references on the distribution and function of each fungal family. Taxonomic information was recorded by classifying each family into one of thefollowing phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Blastocladiomycota,Chytridiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota. Distribution was first presented in 11 categories (cosmopolitan, widespread,tropical, subtropical, temperate, dryland, boreal, subarctic, Arctic, Antarctic, and Japan).For tropical and temperate regions, where more detailed information on occurrenceareas is available, the detailed occurrence information was grouped by continental orregional scales. An entry for Japan was based on the families listed by Katsumoto(2010). For the species listed by Katsumoto (2010), all family names were consistentwith those reported by Cannon and Kirk (2007) except the following families:Apiosporaceae, Batrachochytriaceae, Caloscyphaceae, Chorioactidaceae, Cyphellaceae,Kondoaceae, and Shiraiaceae. The ecological function information of 553 fungal families from the publishedliterature was compiled into 38 items (Section 2.4.D) related to guilds, habitats, andsubstrates. Information on 35 of these items was compiled according to Cannon andKirk (2007). We recorded which fungal families were associated with lignindecomposition (17 families; Osono, 2007), denitrification (16 families; Aldossari andIshii, 2021), and phosphate solubilization (27 families; Osono and Kado, 2021) basedon a literature review of articles and genome databases that describe the ecologicalfunctionsof fungi from Europe, North America, Australia, and other continents. Because of the difficulty in rigorously defining terms, such as guild, habitat, substrate, and ecological characteristics, without overlaps, no further hierarchical grouping was performed for the 38 items. Moreover, each item was not mutually exclusive. For example, “saprobic” and “parasitic” were checked for families that included saprobic and parasitic species. Information on distribution and ecological functions is based on available data. Therefore, even in a family without information on distribution or function, this does not necessarily mean that fungi belonging to that family are not distributed in a given area or do not have that function.