Data Repository : 8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network

Data Set Citation:

When using this data, please cite the data package:

Wilkinson M , Mizunuma T , Nasahara K , Oguma H , Ide R , Tsuchida S , Yamamoto H , Takanashi S , Kang S , Miura T , Menzel A , Menzel A , Schunk C , Kosugi Y , Khoon K , Nagai S , Nagai S , Ichie T , Matsuoka M , Yamasaki E , Pungga R , Fukuzawa K , Ono K , Akitsu T , Maeda T , Motohka T , Kim Y , Busey R , Nakai T , Ikawa H , Nagano H , Suzuki R , Yoshimura M , Yamashita M , Sekikawa S , Son Y , Yoon T , Maximov T , Kononov A , Petrov R , Tei S , Morozumi T , Shakhmatov R , Sugimoto A , Takeshi O , Saitoh T , Yoshitake S , Muraoka H , Nakaji T , Takagi K , Yoshida T , Sakai R , Mamiya W , Kajiwara K , and Honda Y.
8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network
ERDP-2018-05.1.3 (https://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2018-05.1.3/jalter-en)

General Information:
Title:	8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network
Identifier:	ERDP-2018-05.1.3
Abstract:	We report long-term continuous phenological and sky images taken by time-lapse cameras through the Phenological Eyes Network (http://www.pheno-eye.org) in various ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics. Phenological images are useful in recording the year-to-year variability in the timing of flowering, leaf-flush, leaf-coloring, and leaf-fall and detecting the characteristics of phenological patterns and timing sensitivity among species and ecosystems. They can also help interpret variations in carbon, water, and heat cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and be used to obtain ground-truth data for the validation of satellite-observed products. Sky images are useful in continuously recording atmospheric conditions and obtaining ground-truth data for the validation of cloud contamination and atmospheric noise present in satellite remote-sensing data. We have taken sky, forest canopy, forest floor, and shoot images of a range of tree species and landscapes, using time-lapse cameras installed on forest floors, towers, and rooftops. In total, 84 time-lapse cameras at 29 sites have taken 8 million images since 1999. Our images provide (1) long-term, continuous detailed records of plant phenology that are more quantitative than in situ visual phenological observations of index trees; (2) basic information to explain the responsiveness, vulnerability, and resilience of ecosystem canopies and their functions and services to changes in climate; and (3) ground-truthing for the validation of satellite remote-sensing observations.
Keywords:	Boreal forest Decadal data set Digital camera Grassland Ground-truth Phenological Eyes Network Plant phenology Sky image Temperate forest Tropical forest

Data Table, Image, and Other Data Details:
Metadata download:	Ecological Metadata Language (EML) File
Other Data:	dc_YEAR_DOY_TIMEUTC_SITE__CAMERA±EXPOSURE.jpg ( View Metadata \| Download File )

Involved Parties

Data Set Owners:

Individual:

M. Wilkinson

Organization:

Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge

Address:

Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH UK

Email Address:

Matthew.Wilkinson@forestry.gsi.gov.uk

Individual:

T. Mizunuma

Organization:

Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science

Address:

4-1-1 Amakubo,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan

Individual:

K.N. Nasahara

Organization:

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Address:

1-1-1 Tennodai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan

Email Address:

24dakenlo@gmail.com

Individual:

H. Oguma

Organization:

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Address:

16-2 Onogawa,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan

Individual:

R. Ide

Organization:

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Address:

16-2 Onogawa,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan

Email Address:

Ide.reiko@nies.go.jp

Individual:

S. Tsuchida

Organization:

Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Address:

Tsukuba Central 7 Higashi 1-1-1,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567 Japan

Individual:

H. Yamamoto

Organization:

Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Address:

Tsukuba Central 7 Higashi 1-1-1,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567 Japan

Individual:

S. Takanashi

Organization:

Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

Address:

68 Nagaikyutaroh Momoyama Fushimi,

Kyoto, 612-0855 Japan

Email Address:

tnsatoru@ffpri.affrc.go.jp

Individual:

S. Kang

Organization:

Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University

Address:

Chunchon, 200-701 Korea

Email Address:

kangsk@kangwon.ac.kr

Individual:

T. Miura

Organization:

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

Address:

Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

Email Address:

tomoakim@hawaii.edu

Individual:

A. Menzel

Organization:

Technische Universität München

Address:

Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2,

Freising, 85354 Germany

Email Address:

amenzel@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

A. Menzel

Organization:

Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München

Address:

Lichtenbergstraße 2a,

Garching, 85748 Germany

Email Address:

amenzel@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

C. Schunk

Organization:

Technische Universität München

Address:

Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2,

Freising, 85354 Germany

Email Address:

schunk@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

Y. Kosugi

Organization:

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University

Address:

Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku,

Kyoto, 602-8502 Japan

Email Address:

ykosugi@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Individual:

K.L. Khoon

Organization:

Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board

Address:

No.6 Persiaran Institusi,

Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000 Malaysia

Email Address:

lip.khoon@mpob.gov.my

Individual:

S. Nagai

Organization:

Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Address:

3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan

Email Address:

nagais@jamstec.go.jp

Individual:

S. Nagai

Organization:

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Address:

3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan

Email Address:

nagais@jamstec.go.jp

Individual:

T. Ichie

Organization:

Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University

Address:

200 Otsu Monobe,

Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502 Japan

Individual:

M. Matsuoka

Organization:

Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University

Address:

200 Otsu Monobe,

Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502 Japan

Individual:

E. Yamasaki

Organization:

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich

Address:

Winterthurertrasse 190,

Zurich, 8057 Switzerland

Individual:

R.A.S. Pungga

Organization:

Forest Department Sarawak

Address:

Tingkat 14 Wisma Sumber Alam Jalan Stadium Petra Jaya,

Kuching, Sarawak 93050 Malaysia

Individual:

K. Fukuzawa

Organization:

Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

483 Otoineppu,

Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2502 Japan

Email Address:

caribu@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

K. Ono

Organization:

Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

Address:

3-1-3 Kannondai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604 Japan

Email Address:

onok@affrc.go.jp

Individual:

T. Akitsu

Organization:

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Address:

1-1-1 Tennodai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan

Individual:

T. Maeda

Organization:

Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Address:

16-1 Onogawa,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569 Japan

Email Address:

takahisa.maeda@aist.go.jp

Individual:

T. Motohka

Organization:

Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Address:

2-1-1 Sengen,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505 Japan

Individual:

Y. Kim

Organization:

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Address:

930 Koyukuk Dr. PO Box 757320,

Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 USA

Individual:

R.C. Busey

Organization:

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Address:

930 Koyukuk Dr. PO Box 757320,

Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 USA

Individual:

T. Nakai

Organization:

Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University

Address:

Furo-cho Chikusa-ku,

Nagoya, 153-0043 Japan

Individual:

H. Ikawa

Organization:

Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

Address:

3-1-3 Kannondai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604 Japan

Individual:

H. Nagano

Organization:

International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Address:

930 Koyukuk Dr. PO Box 757320,

Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 USA

Individual:

R. Suzuki

Organization:

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Address:

3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan

Individual:

M. Yoshimura

Organization:

PASCO Corporation, Research and Development Center

Address:

2-8-11 Higashiyama,

Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0043 Japan

Email Address:

gr4m-ysmr@asahi-net.or.jp

Individual:

M. Yamashita

Organization:

Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

Address:

3-8-1 Harumi-cho,

Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538 Japan

Individual:

S. Sekikawa

Organization:

Department of Agriculture, Tamagawa University

Address:

6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen,

Machida, Tokyo 194-8610 Japan

Email Address:

sekisei@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp

Individual:

Y. Son

Organization:

Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University

Address:

145 Anamro,

Seungbukgu, Seoul Korea

Email Address:

yson@korea.ac.kr

Individual:

T.K. Yoon

Organization:

Division of Environmental Strategy, Korea Environment Institute

Address:

370 Sicheong-daero,

Sejong, 30147 Republic of Korea

Individual:

T.C. Maximov

Organization:

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences

Address:

41 Lenin Ave.,

Yakutsk, The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 678891 Russia

Individual:

A.V. Kononov

Organization:

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences

Address:

41 Lenin Ave.,

Yakutsk, The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 678891 Russia

Individual:

R.E. Petrov

Organization:

Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences

Address:

41 Lenin Ave.,

Yakutsk, The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 678891 Russia

Individual:

S. Tei

Organization:

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University

Address:

N21W11 Kita-ku,

Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan

Individual:

T. Morozumi

Organization:

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University

Address:

N10W5,

Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan

Individual:

R. Shakhmatov

Organization:

Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University

Address:

N10W5,

Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan

Individual:

A. Sugimoto

Organization:

Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University

Address:

N21W11 Kita-ku,

Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan

Individual:

O. Takeshi

Organization:

Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University

Address:

Furo-cho Chikusa-ku,

Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan

Individual:

T.M. Saitoh

Organization:

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University

Address:

1-1 Yanagido,

Gifu, 501-1193 Japan

Email Address:

taku@green.gifu-u.ac.jp

Individual:

S. Yoshitake

Organization:

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University

Address:

1-1 Yanagido,

Gifu, 501-1193 Japan

Individual:

H. Muraoka

Organization:

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University

Address:

1-1 Yanagido,

Gifu, 501-1193 Japan

Email Address:

muraoka@green.gifu-u.ac.jp

Individual:

T. Nakaji

Organization:

Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Takaoka,

Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035 Japan

Email Address:

nakaji@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

K. Takagi

Organization:

Teshio Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Toikanbetsu,

Horonobe, Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan

Individual:

T. Yoshida

Organization:

Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Moshiri,

Horokanai, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan

Email Address:

yoto@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

R. Sakai

Organization:

Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Moshiri,

Horokanai, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan

Individual:

W. Mamiya

Organization:

Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Moshiri,

Horokanai, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan

Individual:

K. Kajiwara

Organization:

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Address:

1-33 Yayoi-cho Inage-ku,

Chiba, 263-8522 Japan

Email Address:

kkaji@faculty.chiba-u.jp

Individual:

Y. Honda

Organization:

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Address:

1-33 Yayoi-cho Inage-ku,

Chiba, 263-8522 Japan

Data Set Contacts:

Individual:

M. Wilkinson

Organization:

Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge

Address:

Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH UK

Email Address:

Matthew.Wilkinson@forestry.gsi.gov.uk

Individual:

K.N. Nasahara

Organization:

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Address:

1-1-1 Tennodai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan

Email Address:

24dakenlo@gmail.com

Individual:

R. Ide

Organization:

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Address:

16-2 Onogawa,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan

Email Address:

Ide.reiko@nies.go.jp

Individual:

S. Takanashi

Organization:

Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

Address:

68 Nagaikyutaroh Momoyama Fushimi,

Kyoto, 612-0855 Japan

Email Address:

tnsatoru@ffpri.affrc.go.jp

Individual:

S. Kang

Organization:

Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University

Address:

Chunchon, 200-701 Korea

Email Address:

kangsk@kangwon.ac.kr

Individual:

T. Miura

Organization:

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

Address:

Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

Email Address:

tomoakim@hawaii.edu

Individual:

A. Menzel

Organization:

Technische Universität München

Address:

Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2,

Freising, 85354 Germany

Email Address:

amenzel@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

A. Menzel

Organization:

Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München

Address:

Lichtenbergstraße 2a,

Garching, 85748 Germany

Email Address:

amenzel@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

C. Schunk

Organization:

Technische Universität München

Address:

Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2,

Freising, 85354 Germany

Email Address:

schunk@wzw.tum.de

Individual:

Y. Kosugi

Organization:

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University

Address:

Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku,

Kyoto, 602-8502 Japan

Email Address:

ykosugi@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Individual:

K.L. Khoon

Organization:

Tropical Peat Research Institute, Malaysian Palm Oil Board

Address:

No.6 Persiaran Institusi,

Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000 Malaysia

Email Address:

lip.khoon@mpob.gov.my

Individual:

S. Nagai

Organization:

Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Address:

3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan

Email Address:

nagais@jamstec.go.jp

Individual:

S. Nagai

Organization:

Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Address:

3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku,

Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan

Email Address:

nagais@jamstec.go.jp

Individual:

K. Fukuzawa

Organization:

Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

483 Otoineppu,

Otoineppu, Hokkaido 098-2502 Japan

Email Address:

caribu@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

K. Ono

Organization:

Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

Address:

3-1-3 Kannondai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604 Japan

Email Address:

onok@affrc.go.jp

Individual:

T. Akitsu

Organization:

Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba

Address:

1-1-1 Tennodai,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan

Individual:

T. Maeda

Organization:

Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Address:

16-1 Onogawa,

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569 Japan

Email Address:

takahisa.maeda@aist.go.jp

Individual:

M. Yoshimura

Organization:

PASCO Corporation, Research and Development Center

Address:

2-8-11 Higashiyama,

Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0043 Japan

Email Address:

gr4m-ysmr@asahi-net.or.jp

Individual:

S. Sekikawa

Organization:

Department of Agriculture, Tamagawa University

Address:

6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen,

Machida, Tokyo 194-8610 Japan

Email Address:

sekisei@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp

Individual:

Y. Son

Organization:

Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University

Address:

145 Anamro,

Seungbukgu, Seoul Korea

Email Address:

yson@korea.ac.kr

Individual:

T.M. Saitoh

Organization:

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University

Address:

1-1 Yanagido,

Gifu, 501-1193 Japan

Email Address:

taku@green.gifu-u.ac.jp

Individual:

H. Muraoka

Organization:

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University

Address:

1-1 Yanagido,

Gifu, 501-1193 Japan

Email Address:

muraoka@green.gifu-u.ac.jp

Individual:

T. Nakaji

Organization:

Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Takaoka,

Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035 Japan

Email Address:

nakaji@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

T. Yoshida

Organization:

Uryu Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University

Address:

Moshiri,

Horokanai, Hokkaido 074-0741 Japan

Email Address:

yoto@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp

Individual:

K. Kajiwara

Organization:

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University

Address:

1-33 Yayoi-cho Inage-ku,

Chiba, 263-8522 Japan

Email Address:

kkaji@faculty.chiba-u.jp

Data Set Characteristics

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

AHS

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	-0.856389 degrees
East:	-0.856389 degrees
North:	51.154722 degrees
South:	51.154722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	88.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	88.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

EGT

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	99.429722 degrees
East:	99.429722 degrees
North:	16.939722 degrees
South:	16.939722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	105.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	105.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

FHK

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	138.764722 degrees
East:	138.764722 degrees
North:	35.443611 degrees
South:	35.443611 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1106.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1106.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

FJY

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	138.762222 degrees
East:	138.762222 degrees
North:	35.454722 degrees
South:	35.454722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1030.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1030.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

GDK

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	127.149167 degrees
East:	127.149167 degrees
North:	37.748889 degrees
South:	37.748889 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	252.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	252.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

HVT

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	-155.248611 degrees
East:	-155.248611 degrees
North:	19.415278 degrees
South:	19.415278 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1219.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1219.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

KBF

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	11.661111 degrees
East:	11.661111 degrees
North:	48.419444 degrees
South:	48.419444 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	490.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	490.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

KEW

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	135.994444 degrees
East:	135.994444 degrees
North:	34.963611 degrees
South:	34.963611 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	250.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	250.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

LAM

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	113.966111 degrees
East:	113.966111 degrees
North:	4.151944 degrees
South:	4.151944 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	27.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	27.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

LBR

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	114.040556 degrees
East:	114.040556 degrees
North:	4.195556 degrees
South:	4.195556 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	200.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	150.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

MMF

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	142.261667 degrees
East:	142.261667 degrees
North:	44.321944 degrees
South:	44.321944 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	340.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	340.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

MSE

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	140.026944 degrees
East:	140.026944 degrees
North:	36.053889 degrees
South:	36.053889 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	14.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	14.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

MTK

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	140.098611 degrees
East:	140.098611 degrees
North:	36.225833 degrees
South:	36.225833 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	871.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	871.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

PFA

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	-147.4875 degrees
East:	-147.4875 degrees
North:	65.123333 degrees
South:	65.123333 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	210.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	210.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

RHN

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	135.768611 degrees
East:	135.768611 degrees
North:	35.018056 degrees
South:	35.018056 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	47.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	47.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

SGD

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	138.347222 degrees
East:	138.347222 degrees
North:	36.523611 degrees
South:	36.523611 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1320.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1320.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

SHA

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	127.082222 degrees
East:	127.082222 degrees
North:	37.464722 degrees
South:	37.464722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	49.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	49.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

SSP

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	129.619444 degrees
East:	129.619444 degrees
North:	62.254722 degrees
South:	62.254722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	214.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	214.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TFS

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	141.518611 degrees
East:	141.518611 degrees
North:	42.736944 degrees
South:	42.736944 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	140.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	140.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TGF

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	140.095 degrees
East:	140.095 degrees
North:	36.113611 degrees
South:	36.113611 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	29.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	29.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TKC

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	137.370833 degrees
East:	137.370833 degrees
North:	36.139722 degrees
South:	36.139722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	800.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	800.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TKY

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	137.423056 degrees
East:	137.423056 degrees
North:	36.146111 degrees
South:	36.146111 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1420.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1420.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TOC

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	141.565833 degrees
East:	141.565833 degrees
North:	42.709722 degrees
South:	42.709722 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	80.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	80.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TOE

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	141.571389 degrees
East:	141.571389 degrees
North:	42.698889 degrees
South:	42.698889 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	80.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	80.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TOS

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	141.554722 degrees
East:	141.554722 degrees
North:	42.707778 degrees
South:	42.707778 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	80.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	80.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TSE (camera ID: ttp_d)

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	142.107222 degrees
East:	142.107222 degrees
North:	45.055833 degrees
South:	45.055833 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	70.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	70.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

TSE (camera ID: k03_u)

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	142.11 degrees
East:	142.11 degrees
North:	45.050833 degrees
South:	45.050833 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	3.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	3.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

UAK

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	-147.855833 degrees
East:	-147.855833 degrees
North:	64.866111 degrees
South:	64.866111 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	156.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	156.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

URY

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	142.261111 degrees
East:	142.261111 degrees
North:	44.365 degrees
South:	44.365 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	803.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	803.0 meter

Geographic Region:

Geographic Description:

YGT

Bounding Coordinates:

West:	138.331944 degrees
East:	138.331944 degrees
North:	35.904167 degrees
South:	35.904167 degrees
Mimimum Altitude:	1240.0 meter
Maximum Altitude:	1240.0 meter

Sampling, Processing and Quality Control Methods

Step by Step Procedures

Step 1:

Description:

Time-lapse camera system

We used seven types of time-lapse cameras, described below.

Instrument(s):

A. ADFC An automatic digital fish-eye camera (ADFC) is the main time-lapse camera system of PEN. This system consists of a digital camera (CoolPix 3400 or 4500, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and fish-eye lens (FC-E8, Nikon). It was installed at 25 sites (except EGT, LAM, TOE, and TOS; Table 4). An ADFC was installed in a waterproof box with control cables and a circuit board (SPC31A, Hayasaka Rikoh Co. Ltd., Sapporo, Japan). A PC running Linux or Windows controlled the ADFC. Shooting period and frequency were set to different values among ADFCs (Table 6). At KBF, KEW, LBR, and SHA, where it was not possible to use PCs, we used remote release cords (MC-EU1, Nikon, Japan; Table 4). Some ADFCs had a standard lens instead of a fish-eye lens (Table 4). Images were saved to the PEN database in JPEG format at 2272 × 1704 pixels. Exposure was set to automatic except at FJY (h01_u, l01_u, n01_u, h28_d, l28_d, n28_d), SGD (g00_u), TKC (f02_u), and TKY (f02_d, f02_u, L12_u, miz_u, y02_d, and y02_u) (Table 6). White balance was set to different values among ADFCs (see EXIF data of each image). As for the effect of different setting of white balance for analysis of red, green and blue digital numbers extracted from digital images, see Nagai et al. (2013a). B. AIST Pheno-mon This system consists of a main camera (EOS Kiss X4 digital SLR, Canon, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a standard zoom lens (EF-S18–55 mm, f/3.5–5.6 IS, Canon), a supplemental USB camera), and a PC running Linux that controlled the cameras. It was installed at MSE and TGF (Table 4). Images were taken every 30 min during daytime (Table 6). The settings of the main camera were “Program” for exposure, “Auto” for white balance, and 18 mm for focal length (equivalent to 28 mm on 35-mm camera). Images were saved in JPEG format at 5184 × 3456 pixels. C. Canon EOS This system consists of a digital SLR camera (EOS Kiss X3, Canon) and an automated shutter timer unit (Garage Shop, Nara, Japan). It was installed at TOE and TOS (Table 4). Images were taken once a day at 11:40 local time (Table 6). Images were saved in JPEG format at 4752 × 3168 pixels. Exposure was set to automatic at f/11. White balance was set to daylight mode. D. Minolta This system consists of a film camera (Minolta Alpha 707si, Konika Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) with a semi-fisheye lens, driven by an internal battery. It was installed at EGT (Table 4). Using the internal timer, it operated once a day at approximately noon local time. Exposure was set to automatic. The 35-mm negative film was scanned and digitized, and images were saved in JPEG format at 939 × 680 pixels. E. Nikon D3300 This system consists of a digital SLR camera (D3300, Nikon) and an automated shutter timer unit (E-6317 N3, Etsumi). It was installed at KEW from 2016. Images were taken at 1 hour or 3 hour interval. Images were saved in JPEG format at 6000 × 4000 pixels. Exposure was set to automatic at f/5.6. White balance was set to daylight. F. Raspberry Pi This system consists of a Raspberry Pi model B+ (Raspberry Pi Foundation, UK; https://www.raspberrypi.org/), a hand-held computer about the size of a credit card, with an added camera module (Raspberry Pi Camera V2). It was installed at LAM, PFA, and TKY (Table 4). Under the control of the “crontab” command, the “raspistill” command took images at times and intervals specific to each device (Table 6). Images were saved in JPEG format at 2592 × 1944 pixels. Exposure was set to automatic. White balance was set to different values among devices (see EXIF data of each image). G. TLC200 The TLC200 is a time-lapse digital camera that runs on AA batteries (Brinno, USA; http://brinno.com/time-lapse-camera/TLC200). This system was installed at KEW and MMF. Images were taken every 1 h (Table 4). Images were saved in AVI format (frame-by-frame recording) at 1280 × 720 pixels. Exposure and white balance settings are not available in this system. We extracted still images in the free AVI2JPG v. 6.10 video editing software.

Step 2:

Description:

Tasks of contributors

The administrative tasks and managers are: Basic design of measurement system S. Tsuchida[1], K.N. Nasahara[2] (ADFC), T. Maeda[3] (AIST Pheno-mon) Developers of monitoring equipment S. Tsuchida[1], K.N. Nasahara[2], K. Iwao[1], A. Iwasaki[4], H. Oguma[5] (ADFC), T. Maeda[3] (AIST Pheno-mon) Managers of original PEN data server T. Akitsu[2], K.N. Nasahara[2] Managers of monitoring equipment T. Akitsu[3], K.N. Nasahara[3], S. Nagai[6] [1] Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan [2] Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan [3] National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan [4] Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan [5] National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan [6] Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan

Data Set Usage Rights

This data set is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Access Control:
Auth System:	JaLTER
Order:	allowFirst
Allow:	[read]	public

Metadata download:

Ecological Metadata Language (EML) File