| General Information: |
| Title: | Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and branches of 12 tree species in Japan |
| Identifier: | ERDP-2013-02.1.1 |
| Abstract: |
This data paper reports spectral reflectance and transmittance data of leaves from 21 terrestrial vascular plant species (7 herbaceous, and 14 broadleaf and long-needle coniferous tree species) and of shoots from one short-needle coniferous tree species. The reflectance spectra of branches of one tree species, of the trunks of 12 tree species and ground surface of one deciduous broad-leaf forest are also reported. Optical measurements and leaf samplings were made at five sites on Honshu Island, Japan, which are typical vegetation types in East Asia, i.e., grassland, paddy field and deciduous broad-leaf or coniferous forests. The collection and measurements were conducted for main species in each site. To include other common vegetation types in East Asia, such as evergreen broad-leaf or coniferous forests, the sample collection and the measurements were conducted at gardens and an experimental forest. Leaves of 10 deciduous species were measured at different phenological stages from leaf expansion to senescence since those species shows significant seasonal changes in spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves. Leaves at different position in a canopy (e.g., sunlit versus shaded leaves) were also measured for 8 of 21 species. The spectral reflectance and transmittance from both adaxial and abaxial sides of the all leaves or needles, expect Picea abies needles. The measurements of the leaves were conducted with a spectroradiometer attached via an optical fibre to an integrating sphere. Two types of integrating spheres were used: a model LI-1800-12 (Li-Cor) and an RTS-3ZC integrating sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). A leaf clip accessory was also used instead of an integrating sphere for measuring the leaves of two species. All data were measured within the 350–2500 nm spectral range with 1-nm steps between measurements but the data obtained by LI-1800 is unavailable in 1650-1740, 1890-1950 and 2050-2500 nm because of big noise. These data is used as input parameters in a radiative transfer model designed to estimate the leaf area index from radiation reflected from a canopy surface.
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| Keywords: |
- broad leaves
- coniferous needles
- integrating sphere
- integrating sphere
- phenological change
- spectroradiometer
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Involved Parties
| Data Set Owners: |
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Individual: | Hibiki M. Noda |
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Organization: | Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies |
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Address: |
| 16-2 Onogawa, |
| Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan |
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| Data Set Contacts: |
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Individual: | Hibiki M. Noda |
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Organization: | Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies |
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| 16-2 Onogawa, |
| Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan |
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| Associated Parties: |
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Individual: | Kenlo Nishida Nasahara |
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Organization: | Faculty of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba |
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Position: | Associate professor |
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Address: |
| 1-1-1 Tennohdai, |
| Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan |
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Email Address:
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Individual: | Hiroyuki Muraoka |
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Organization: | Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University |
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Position: | Professor |
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Address: |
| 1-1 Yanagido, |
| GIfu, 501-1193 Japan |
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Data Set Characteristics
| Geographic Region: |
| Geographic Description: | The main Island, Japan |
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Bounding Coordinates:
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| West: | 137.37 degrees
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| East: | 140.13 degrees
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| North: | 36.15 degrees
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| South: | 35.44 degrees
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| Taxonomic Range: |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | camphora |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Aesculus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | turbinata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Aucuba |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | japonica |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Benthamidia |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | florida |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Betula |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | ermanii |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Betula |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | platyphylla |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Castanea |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | crenata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Chamaecyparis |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | obtusa |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Cryptomeria |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | japonica |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Cunninghamia |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | lanceolata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Eurya |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | japonica |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Fagus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | crenata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Hydrangea |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | paniculata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Imperata |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | cylindrica |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Larix |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | kaempferi |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Lithocarpus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | edulis |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Machilus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | thunbergii |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Magnolia |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | obovata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Miscanthus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | sinensis |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Oryza |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | sativa |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Picea |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | abies |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Pinus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | densiflora |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Pleioblastus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | chino |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Pueraria |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | lobata |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Quercus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | crispula |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Quercus |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | myrsinifolia |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Sasa |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | senanensis |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Solidago |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | altissima |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Tilia |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | japonica |
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| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Genus |
| Rank Value: | Zelkova |
| Classification: |
| Rank Name: | Species |
| Rank Value: | serrata |
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Sampling, Processing and Quality Control Methods
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Step by Step Procedures
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| Step 1: |
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Description:
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A. Study sites
Sample collection and trunk measurements were conducted at the following eight sites:
1) University of Tsukuba (36° 07′ N, 140° 08′ E), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
2) Tsukuba Experimental Forest of the University of Tsukuba (36° 07′ N, 140° 08′ E; a forest plantation), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
3) The experimental grassland at the Terrestrial Environmental Research Center of the University of the Tsukuba (36° 07′ N, 140° 08′ E; dominated by Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sinensis; see Saigusa et al. 1998 for a more detailed description), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
4) Mase paddy flux site (36° 03′ N, 140° 01′ E; dominated by Oryza sativa; see Saito et al. 2005), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
5) Chiba University (35° 37′ N, 140° 07′ E), Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
6) Fuji-hokuroku Flux Research Site (35° 26′ N, 138° 45′ E; dominated by Larix Kaempferi; see Ueyama et al. 2012), Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi, Japan
7) Takayama deciduous broadleaf forest site (36° 08′ N, 137° 25′ E; dominated by Quercus crispula and Betula ermanii; see Ohtsuka et al. 2009), Takayama City, Gifu, Japan
8) Takayama evergreen coniferous forest site (36° 08′ N, 137° 22′ E; dominated by Cryptomeria japonica; see Saitoh et al. 2010), Takayama City, Gifu, Japan
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| Step 2: |
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Description:
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B-1. Measurement of broad leaves with an integrating sphere
Leaves were measured following the standard protocol described by Noda et al. (2013) with the LI-1800 and/or RTS-3ZC.
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Instrument(s):
| Spectroradiometer: FieldSpec FR or FieldSpec 3 (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA)
Integrating sphere: LI-1800-12 model (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) and/or RTS-3ZC Integrating Sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). |
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| Step 3: |
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Description:
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B-2. Measurement of narrow leaves or coniferous needles with an integrating sphere
Some leaf blades and coniferous needles are narrower than the diameter of the sample port of the integrating sphere. We used the protocol for narrow leaves and needle leaves described by Noda et al. (2013) to measure such leaves with the LI-1800, the RTS-3ZC, or both.
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Instrument(s):
| spectroradiometer: FieldSpec FR or FieldSpec 3 (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA)
Integrating sphere: LI-1800-12 model (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) and/or RTS-3ZC Integrating Sphere (Analytical Spectral Devices). |
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| Step 4: |
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Description:
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B-3. Measurement of leaves with the leaf clip
Leaf reflectance (ρl) was measured by using the following protocol:
1. The flux (Fw) of the inward-facing white background standard without any leaf was first measured.
2. Then, a leaf was then inserted into the leaf clip with an inward-facing black background standard and the flux (Flr) was measured.
3. ρl was derived as follows:
ρl = Flr/Fw
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Instrument(s):
| FieldSpec FR (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA)
Leaf Clip accessory (Analytical Spectral Devices) |
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| Step 5: |
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Description:
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B-4. Measurement of the optical properties of tree trunks
The reflectance spectrum of tree trunks (ρt) was measured with an LI-1800 integrating sphere. The sample holder on the exterior of the sphere was removed and then the sample port was fixed to the tree trunk. The trunk was then measured in white reference (Ftw) and reflectance (Ftr) modes. ρt was derived as follows:
ρt = ρw (Ftr - Fvr)/(Ftw - Fvr)
where
ρw = reflectance of the BaSO4 reference surface, a known value (0.95–0.99, depending on wavelength)
Fvr = flux of stray light (see Noda et al. 2013).
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Instrument(s):
| spectroradiometer: FieldSpec FR or FieldSpec 3 (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA)
Integrating sphere: LI-1800-12 model (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) . |
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| Step 6: |
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Description:
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B-5. Measurement of branches with the integrating sphere
The measurement protocol for narrow leaves and needle leaves described by Noda et al. (2013) is valid for various types of leaves, including senesced leaves. Therefore, the reflectance of the branches was measured with an LI-1800 integrating sphere by using this protocol.
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Instrument(s):
| FieldSpec FR (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA) and LI-1800-12 model (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA). |
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| Step 7: |
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Description:
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B-6. Measurement of the optical properties of ground surface
The reflectance spectrum of ground surface was measured with an LI-1800 integrating sphere by using the protocol for tree trunks (B-4).
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Instrument(s):
| FieldSpec FR (Analytical Spectral Devices, Boulder, CO, USA) and LI-1800-12 model (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA). |
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Sampling Area And Frequency:
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Measurements were made with a FieldSpec FR or a FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer attached via optical fibre to an integrating sphere (LI-1800 or RTS-3ZC) or a Leaf Clip.
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Sampling Description:
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Representative leaves, shoots, and branches in the canopy were harvested and measured in the laboratory within a few hours of collection. Representative points of tree trunks in the site were selected and measured on-site.
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Data Set Usage Rights
| 1) Acceptable use: The dataset should not be used for illegal purpose or to violate the rights of the others. Use of the dataset will be restricted to academic, research, educational, government, recreational, or other not-for-profit professional purposes.
2) Citation: Data users should properly cite this Data Paper in any publications or in the metadata of any derived data products that were produced using the dataset. As the metadata and the dataset can be updated at any time, the date of update should be shown in bibliography.
3) Notification. Data users will notify the Data Set Contact when any derivative work or publication based on or derived from the Data Set is distributed. The data users will provide the Data Set Contact with two reprints or a PDF file of any publications resulting from use of the data set.
4) Collaboration. Data users are strongly encouraged to consider consultation, collaboration and/or co-authorship with the data owners.
6) Disclaimer. In no event shall the authors, data owners, or funding agencies be liable for a loss of profits or for any indirect, incidental damages arising from the use or interpretation of the data. |
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